What type of wave is formed when the upper section topples forward away from the bottom, creating an air-filled tube?

The type of wave that is formed when the upper section of a wave topples forward away from the bottom, creating an air-filled tube, is known as a plunging wave. This occurs when the wave reaches a steep slope, causing the crest to fall over the base of the wave. As the crest spills over, it creates a hollow section that resembles a tube, allowing for a dramatic and often powerful surge of water. This phenomenon is commonly observed in surf conditions where waves break with a strong forward motion, making them ideal for surfing due to the speed and shape of the wave.

Understanding these wave types helps in discerning the various dynamics of ocean waves, including their behavior along coastlines and their interaction with the environment.