What term describes the collective patterns of surface waves across an ocean or sea?

The term that accurately describes the collective patterns of surface waves across an ocean or sea is indeed wave trains. Wave trains represent groups of waves that travel together, maintaining a consistent order and direction. This phenomenon occurs as waves generated by distant storms or wind patterns form clusters, leading to a more organized movement across the water.

In contrast, swell refers to ocean waves that have traveled beyond their area of origin, characterized by their longer wavelengths and smoother, rolling appearance. Swell can contribute to wave trains, but it specifically describes individual waves rather than the organized patterns they form.

Fetch describes the distance over which the wind blows across the water, influencing wave formation and energy. While fetch is important in understanding wave development, it does not define the collective pattern of waves. Similarly, wave steepness measures the ratio of a wave's height to its wavelength, which is relevant in assessing wave stability and potential for breaking, but it does not capture the concept of collective wave organization.

Therefore, wave trains is the most accurate term to describe the patterns of surface waves moving through an ocean or sea.