What is the term for the movement of cold water upward from the deep ocean that is caused by wind?

The movement of cold water upward from the deep ocean caused by wind is known as upwelling. This phenomenon occurs when winds blow across the ocean surface, pushing water away from a particular area. As this surface water is displaced, deeper, colder, and often nutrient-rich water rises to replace it. This process is crucial for marine ecosystems, as the nutrient-rich waters support a diverse array of marine life, particularly in areas where upwelling occurs along coastlines.

Other terms, such as downwelling, refer to different processes where surface water sinks, typically due to factors like increased density or convergence of water masses. Thermal circulation involves the broader concept of ocean currents driven by temperature differences and salinity, often over long distances, while surface currents refer to the general movement of water at the ocean's surface primarily driven by wind. However, none of these terms accurately describe the upward movement of water characterized by upwelling.