How do coastal ecosystems contribute to shoreline protection?

Coastal ecosystems play a crucial role in protecting shorelines primarily by reducing wave energy and storm surge. These ecosystems, which include wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrasses, act as natural barriers that absorb and dissipate the energy generated by waves and storms. For instance, mangroves have complex root systems that stabilize shorelines and reduce erosion while sandy beaches and marshes can trap sediments and provide physical barriers against storm impacts.

This protective function is vital, especially in areas prone to extreme weather events, as it helps mitigate flooding and prevents coastal erosion. Without these natural systems, coastal areas would be significantly more vulnerable to harmful impacts, highlighting the importance of maintaining and restoring healthy coastal ecosystems to safeguard human settlements and biodiversity along the shoreline. The other options, such as increasing flooding risks, promoting urban development, and decreasing biodiversity, do not accurately reflect the protective role that healthy coastal ecosystems provide.